Visualizing the Invisible: The Expanding Role of
Echocardiography in Cardiac Arrest.
Wardi G, Gottlieb M. | Ann Emerg Med. 2025 Oct;86(4):337-339
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2025.04.036
Keywords: Aucun
CARDIOLOGY/EDITORIAL
Editorial : Despite decades of research and public health awareness, outcomes of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest remain poor. Appealing strategies to improve survival in cardiac arrest, such as targeted temperature management, have yielded conflicting bene t in recent trials and concerns about generalizability remain. Conversely, initiation of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and early defibrillation of shockable rhythms are consistently associated with return of spontaneous circulation and higher rates of survival. In some cases, ventricular fibrillation is obvious to the treating emergency physician; however, reports describe nonshockable rhythms, particularly asystole, on ECG that are later recognized as ventricular fibrillation upon further analysis. Thus, occult ventricular fibrillation describes the presence of ventricular fibrillation which is not readily identifiable on standard ECG monitoring. Importantly, echocardiography may visualize fibrillation of the ventricular myocardium in patients with occult ventricular fibrillation to facilitate earlier defiibrillation. Unfortunately, the prevalence of occult ventricular brillation is not well described and there have been no large contemporary investigations into outcomes of these patients. Such information is important as recognition of occult ventricular fibrillation in even a small number of patients may have a profound impact on early care and result in improved patient-oriented outcomes.
Conclusion : Moving forward, emergency physicians should recognize that a small percentage of patients with an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and a nonshockable rhythm may have occult ventricular fibrillation. Importantly, this study demonstrates that it is not limited to patients who may have “fine” ventricular fibrillation mistaken for asystole. Although questions remain about the broader implications of the findings, this provides further support for the expanding use of POCUS in cardiac arrest, provided it is used in a safe and well-defined protocol with careful attention to avoid prolongation of pauses in chest compressions. Prompt identification of occult ventricular fibrillation might result in improvement in rates of return of spontaneous circulation and survival to hospital discharge, although data are lacking on how this ultimately may result in meaningful long-term outcomes, such as survival with favorable neurologic status. Although more data are needed to better understand “real-world” impact on cardiac arrest care, this provides a compelling argument to further explore how POCUS influences the “chain of survival."
Conclusion (proposition de traduction) : À l’avenir, les médecins urgentistes doivent reconnaître qu’une faible proportion de patients victimes d’un arrêt cardiaque extrahospitalier avec un rythme non choquable peuvent en réalité présenter une fibrillation ventriculaire occulte. Il est important de souligner que cette situation ne se limite pas aux patients ayant une « fibrillation ventriculaire fine » initialement interprétée comme une asystolie.
Bien que des incertitudes persistent quant aux implications globales de ces résultats, ceux-ci renforcent l’intérêt croissant pour l’utilisation de l’échographie au lit du patient (POCUS) en arrêt cardiaque, à condition qu’elle soit intégrée dans des protocoles sûrs et bien définis, avec une attention particulière portée à la limitation des interruptions des compressions thoraciques.
L’identification précoce d’une fibrillation ventriculaire occulte pourrait améliorer les taux de retour à une circulation spontanée et de survie jusqu’à la sortie d’hôpital. Toutefois, les données manquent encore pour déterminer si cela se traduit par de meilleurs résultats à long terme, notamment en termes de survie avec un bon pronostic neurologique.
Même si des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour évaluer l’impact réel sur la prise en charge de l’arrêt cardiaque, ces résultats constituent un argument solide en faveur de l’exploration du rôle du POCUS dans la « chaîne de survie ».
Commentaire : Une proportion non négligeable de patients en arrêt cardiaque avec rythme non choquable à l’ECG présente en réalité une fibrillation ventriculaire détectable à l’échographie. L’identification précoce de ces cas pourrait améliorer la prise en charge par défibrillation rapide, mais l’utilisation de l’échographie doit rester encadrée pour ne pas compromettre la RCP.
Incidence and Clinical Relevance of Echocardiographic Visualization of Occult Ventricular Fibrillation: A Multicenter Prospective Study of Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.
Gaspari R, Lindsay R, She T, Acuna J, Balk A, Bartnik J, Baxter J, Clare D, Caplan RJ, DeAngelis J, Filler L, Graham P, Hill M, Hipskind J, Joseph R, Kapoor M, Kummer T, Lewis M, Midgley S, Nalbandian A, Narveas-Guerra O, Nomura J, Sanjeevan I, Scheatzle M, Schnittke N, Secko M, Soucy Z, Stowell JR, Theophanous RG, Tozer J, Yates T, Gleeson T. | Ann Emerg Med. 2025 Oct;86(4):328-336
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2025.04.014
Keywords: Cardiac arrest; ECG; Echocardiography; Electrocardiography; Ventricular fibrillation.
CARDIOLOGY/ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Introduction : Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is traditionally identified on ECG but echocardiography can visualize myocardial fibrillation. The prevalence and importance of occult VF defined as a nonshockable ECG rhythm but VF by echocardiography is unknown.
Méthode : In this multicenter, prospective study, emergency department patients presenting following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were eligible for inclusion if echocardiography and ECG were performed simultaneously. Recorded echocardiography and ECG were interpreted separately by physicians blinded to all patient and resuscitation information. The primary outcome was percentage of occult VF. The secondary outcomes included survival to hospital discharge, termination of defibrillated VF, and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Termination of VF is described as a postdefibrillation change in ECG rhythm to a nonshockable rhythm. Multivariate modeling accounted for confounding variables.
Résultats : Of 811 patients enrolled, 5.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.9 to 7.1) demonstrated occult VF. An additional 24.9% (95% CI 22.1 to 28.0) demonstrated ECG VF. Of the patients with occult VF, 81.4% demonstrated ECG pulseless electrical activity (PEA) and 18.6% demonstrated ECG asystole. Occult VF was less likely to be defibrillated compared with ECG VF. Defibrillation was not significantly more likely to terminate occult VF (75.0% vs 55.6%; odds ratio [OR], 2.3; 95% CI 0.42 to 15.24). ROSC was not statistically different for occult VF compared with ECG VF (39.5% vs 24.8%; OR, 2.26; 95% CI 0.87 to 5.9). Survival to hospital discharge was no different for patients with occult VF compared with ECG VF (7.0% vs 5.4%; OR, 3.6; 95% CI 0.63 to 19.2) despite fewer defibrillation attempts for patients with occult VF.
Conclusion : Occult VF was seen in 5.3% of patients following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Recognizing and treating occult VF who otherwise would have been treated as PEA or asystole led to survival outcomes indistinguishable to traditionally recognized VF.
Conclusion (proposition de traduction) : La fibrillation ventriculaire occulte a été observée chez 5,3 % des patients après un arrêt cardiaque extrahospitalier. L’identification et le traitement de cette fibrillation ventriculaire occulte, qui aurait autrement été prise en charge comme une activité électrique sans pouls ou une asystolie, ont conduit à des résultats de survie comparables à ceux des fibrillations ventriculaires classiquement reconnues.
Commentaire : Cette étude prospective multicentrique apporte des données robustes sur un phénomène jusqu’ici peu quantifié : la fibrillation ventriculaire occulte, non détectée à l’ECG mais visible à l’échocardiographie. En montrant qu’environ 1 patient sur 20 en arrêt cardiaque présente ce type de rythme, les auteurs remettent en question la fiabilité exclusive de l’ECG pour l’identification des rythmes choquables. Le fait que la survie des patients avec fibrillation ventriculaire occulte soit comparable à celle des patients avec fibrillation ventriculaire classique souligne l’importance clinique de cette entité. L’article met également en évidence une sous-utilisation de la défibrillation chez ces patients, probablement liée à une méconnaissance ou à une difficulté d’interprétation échographique en situation de stress. Les limites principales résident dans le risque de biais de sélection, la variabilité inter-observateurs et le manque de données neurologiques à long terme. Néanmoins, l’étude renforce l’intérêt de l'échographie au point d'intervention dans l'arrêt cardiaque et plaide pour une formation spécifique à la reconnaissance échocardiographique de la fibrillation ventriculaire. Elle ouvre la voie à une réanimation plus personnalisée, fondée sur la physiologie réelle plutôt que sur la seule lecture du tracé ECG.
Continuous versus bolus norepinephrine administration and arterial blood pressure stability during induction of general anaesthesia in high-risk noncardiac surgery patients: a randomised trial.
Vokuhl C, Kouz K, Flick M, Krause L, Kröker A, Moll-Khosrawi P, Zöllner C, Sessler DI, Saugel B, Thomsen KK. | Br J Anaesth. 2025 Oct;135(4):878-885
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2025.06.025
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Keywords: anaesthesia induction; arterial pressure; cardiovascular dynamics; general anaesthesia; generalised average real variability; haemodynamic monitoring; vasopressor.
Cardiovascular
Introduction : Hypotension after induction of general anaesthesia is common in high-risk patients having noncardiac surgery. Anaesthesiologists often give manual boluses of vasopressors repeatedly to maintain blood pressure during induction of general anaesthesia, including the fast-acting vasopressor norepinephrine which has a short half-life. We tested the hypothesis that giving norepinephrine continuously during induction of general anaesthesia, compared with giving it as repeated manual boluses, improves blood pressure stability in high-risk noncardiac surgery patients.
Méthode : In this single-centre trial, 72 participants undergoing noncardiac surgery were randomised to continuous norepinephrine infusion or manual bolus norepinephrine administration during induction of general anaesthesia. Blood pressure was monitored continuously with an arterial catheter. The primary endpoint was blood pressure stability, quantified as the generalised average real variability of mean arterial pressure within 15 min after starting induction of general anaesthesia.
Résultats : A total of 71 participants completed the study (mean [range] age: 66 [47-86] y; 48% female). The mean (standard deviation) generalised average real variability of mean arterial pressure was 19 (6) mm Hg min-1 in 36 participants assigned to continuous norepinephrine infusion, compared with 25 (7) mm Hg min-1 in 35 participants assigned to manual bolus norepinephrine administration (P<0.001).
Conclusion : Giving norepinephrine continuously during induction of general anaesthesia, compared with giving it as repeated manual boluses, improved blood pressure stability in higher-risk individuals undergoing noncardiac surgery.
Conclusion (proposition de traduction) : L'administration continue de noradrénaline pendant l'induction de l'anesthésie générale, par rapport à son administration sous forme de bolus répétés, a amélioré la stabilité de la pression artérielle chez les personnes à haut risque bénéficiant d'une chirurgie non cardiaque.
Economic analysis of high-flow nasal oxygen compared with noninvasive ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure: results from the RENOVATE randomized clinical trial.
Beck da Silva Etges AP, Marcolino MAZ, Bianchini L, Kawano-Dourado L, Negrelli K, Gurgel R, Pinheiro do Carmo Mendrico S, Martins L, Nakagawa RH, Maia IS, Cavalcanti AB, Polanczyk CA. | Respir Med. 2025 Oct;247:108270
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2025.108270
Keywords: Cost-minimization; Economic analysis; High-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO).
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Introduction : High-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) and noninvasive ventilation (NIV) are commonly used for patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF). The RENOVATE trial previously established its clinical noninferiority.
Objective: To assess the incremental cost of HFNO compared to NIV across four ARF groups: nonimmunocompromised with hypoxemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation, acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and hypoxemic COVID-19.
Méthode : A cost-minimization analysis was conducted using primary outcome data, probabilities, and cost inputs from the RENOVATE trial. Direct costs were estimated using a combination of macro- and micro-costing approaches. The clinical outcome was progression to mechanical ventilation or death within 7 days. A 90-day decision-tree model compared intervention costs across disease categories. Sensitivity analyses evaluated the influence of individual parameters on outcomes.
Résultats : Among 1800 patients enrolled across 33 Brazilian sites, 1716 were included in the primary analysis (883 in each arm). HFNO was associated with estimated cost savings in three groups: nonimmunocompromised hypoxemic patients (-$5105; 95 % CI -51,257 to 41,378), COPD (-$1267; 95 % CI -49,088 to 76,636), and cardiogenic pulmonary edema (-$2493; 95 % CI 28,682 to 21,596). However, for hypoxemic COVID-19 patients, HFNO incurred higher costs (+$4388; 95 % CI -56,174 to 69,640). Sensitivity analyses identified intubation rate, mortality, and ICU stay as key cost drivers.
Conclusion : HFNO demonstrated economic neutrality in non-COVID-19 ARF groups compared to NIV. No economic advantage was seen for COVID-19 patients. Cost-effectiveness should be considered alongside patient-specific clinical factors for optimal treatment decisions.
Conclusion (proposition de traduction) : L'oxygénothérapie nasale à haut débit s'est révélée économiquement neutre chez les patients atteints d'insuffisance respiratoire aiguë non liée à la COVID-19 par rapport à la VNI. Aucun avantage économique n'a été observé chez les patients atteints de COVID-19. La rentabilité doit être prise en compte parallèlement aux facteurs cliniques spécifiques au patient afin de prendre les meilleures décisions thérapeutiques.
Commentaire : Points forts
• L'oxygénothérapie nasale à haut débit est économiquement neutre par rapport à l'oxygénothérapie non invasive.
• La durée du séjour en unité de soins intensifs était le facteur de coût le plus pertinent.
• L'analyse économique étayée par des études de microcoût améliore la précision des données permettant d'orienter les décisions en matière de technologies de la santé.