Ketamine vs etomidate for rapid sequence intubation in critically ill adults.
Al-Haimus F, Beamish IV, Tillmann BW. | CJEM.
2026 Apr 1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s43678-026-01160-z
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Introduction : The optimal induction agent for rapid sequence intubation (RSI) in critically ill patients remains controversial. Etomidate is favored for hemodynamic stability, but concerns remain regarding its association with increased mortality, while ketamine is often perceived as hemodynamically protective.
Objectives: To compare mortality and peri-intubation outcomes between ketamine and etomidate in critically ill adults.
Méthode : Pragmatic, multicentral, randomized clinical trial comparing etomidate versus ketamine for induction of anesthesia during emergency intubation.
Setting: Conducted across 14 emergency departments and intensive care units across the United States.
Subjects: Adult critically ill patients who were undergoing emergency airway intubation. Trauma patients were excluded.
Intervention: Patients randomized 1:1 to ketamine or etomidate for induction. Dosing was clinician-selected using nomogram that was defined by the study protocol.
Outcomes: Primary outcome: 28-day all-cause in-hospital mortality. Key secondary outcome: Peri-intubation “cardiovascular collapse” (vasopressor initiation/escalation, systolic blood pressure < 65 mmHg, cardiac arrest) within 2 min of intubation.
Résultats : A total of 2365 patients were enrolled; 1176 received ketamine and 1189 received etomidate. In-hospital mortality by day 28 was similar between groups (28.1% vs 29.1% with risk difference adjusted for trial site, − 0.8 percentage points; 95% CI − 4.5 to 2.9; P = 0.65) and all subgroup analyses for the primary outcome were negative as well.
Cardiovascular collapse occurred more frequently in the ketamine group (22% vs 17%). This difference was driven by increased vasopressor initiation or escalation. Among patients with sepsis, cardiovascular collapse was higher in the ketamine group (30.6% vs 20.9%). The same was found in those with APACHE II scores ≥ 20; collapse rates were 31.4% vs 20.7%. Procedural outcomes such as first pass success and hypoxemia did not differ between groups.
Conclusion : The issue remains controversial, but this study does not demonstrate that ketamine is superior to etomidate in terms of patient mortality. Interestingly, while less patient-centered, the finding that ketamine required more initiation/escalation of vasopressors is essential for ED physicians to appreciate and highlights the importance of thoughtful management of peri-intubation physiology. Overall, there remains no single “best” induction agent and RSI pharmacology should be individualized to the patient in front of you.
Conclusion (proposition de traduction) : La question reste controversée, mais cette étude ne montre pas que la kétamine soit supérieure à l’étomidate en termes de mortalité des patients. Fait intéressant, même s’il est moins centré sur le patient, le constat d’un recours plus fréquent à l’introduction ou à l’escalade des vasopresseurs sous kétamine est un signal important pour les urgentistes et souligne l’importance d’une gestion réfléchie de la physiologie péri-intubation. En définitive, il n’existe toujours pas d’agent d’induction « idéal » unique, et la pharmacologie de l’ISR doit être individualisée en fonction du patient pris en charge.
Commentaire : Cet article s’inscrit dans un débat très actuel de médecine d’urgence et de réanimation : quel agent d’induction choisir quand il faut intuber en urgence un patient instable, sans aggraver sa physiologie déjà précaire ? La kétamine a longtemps bénéficié d’une image favorable, presque protectrice sur le plan hémodynamique, tandis que l’étomidate restait suspect en raison de son effet surrénalien. Or, le message central ici est plus sobre : la réalité clinique est moins simple que les préférences pharmacologiques. La kétamine ne réduit pas la mortalité par rapport à l’étomidate, et pourrait même s’accompagner plus souvent d’un besoin d’amines au moment de l’intubation. Autrement dit, le vrai sujet n’est peut-être pas de désigner un « vainqueur », mais de mieux anticiper la physiologie péri-intubation et d’adapter l’agent choisi au profil hémodynamique du patient.